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Teleological Arguments Essay - 849 Words

The argument from design or the teleological argument points to the existence of order and direction in nature to a kind of purpose. The argument essentially proves the existence of God. A designer must exist because the universe and living things exhibit marks of design in their complexity. Design-type arguments are unproblematic when based upon things nature plainly could not or would not produce, like human artifacts. If designs entail a designer, and the universe shows marks of design, then the universe was created. An intelligent designer is an entity that the intelligent design movement argues had some role in the development of life. Essentially, the claim being made is that certain aspects of the universe are too perfectly†¦show more content†¦However, if one stumbled across a stone it would be difficult for one to explain how it got there. Secondly, just as the complexity of a watch imply intelligent design, Paley suggested that the universe too implies intelligent design. The eye is usually used as an example of design. â€Å"I know no better method of introducing so large a subject, than that of comparing a single thing with a single thing; an eye, for example, with a telescope† (Klemke 32). Paley stated that both of these are instruments and bear resemblance to one another. In order for the eye or telescope to work, there must be many dissimilar convergent parts that individually have no role but have value only in a designed whole. Therefore, it is only in the joined unity that they exhibit their total function. David Hume counter-argued against the argument from design. He noted that although we know that man-made structures are designed because we have seen them being built, the analogy does not hold for non-man-made structures. A theist must be able to show that natural objects in the universe were manufactured in some way. For example, trees, humans and rocks. The analogy then requires the existence of an intelligent designer. Hume criticizes the claim that artifacts and the universe are similar in the right ways because we have only had experience with just one universe. He rejects the analogy between the material universe and a humanShow MoreRelatedEssay The Teleological Argument1368 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Paley and David Hume’s argument over God’s existence is known as the teleological argument, or the argument from design. Arguments from design are arguments concerning God or some type of creator’s existence based on the ideas of order or purpose in univer se. Hume takes on the approach of arguing against the argument of design, while Paley argues for it. Although Hume and Paley both provide very strong arguments, a conclusion will be drawn at the end to distinguish which philosophiser holdsRead MoreRichard Swinburnes Teleological Argument790 Words   |  4 PagesRichard Swinburnes Teleological Argument Although explicated on many occasions and by many different authors, the teleological argument for the existence of God provides the best springboard from which to launch contemporary convictions of faith. In the revised edition of his earlier The Existence of God, Richard Swinburne constructs a solid outline that reveals the exact structure of the teleological argument. He presents both forms of the teleological argument , holds each under theRead MoreExamine the Key Features of the Teleological Argument?1491 Words   |  6 PagesExamine the key features of the Teleological argument. The word teleological comes from the Greek word ‘Telos’ which means purpose. The teleological argument is a posteriori and like the cosmological argument, attempts to prove the existence of God. It claims that certain phenomena within the universe appear to display features of design and are perfectly adapted to fulfil their function. Therefore, if features of the universe are so perfectly designed, for example the structure and function ofRead MoreThe Teleological Argument for Gods Existence Essay482 Words   |  2 PagesThe Teleological Argument for Gods Existence The teleological argument is also known as the argument from design. It is the idea that our world and the universe surrounding it are so intricate that it could not happen by accident, it was designed. William Paley put forward perhaps the most famous version of this with the watchmaker argument. Imagine you live on a desolate desert island and one day you come across a watch. By looking at it and examining, the intricateRead MoreThe Teleological Argument For The Existence Of Intelligent Design1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe teleological argument successfully provides proof for the existence of intelligent design by utilizing intricate scientific data in order to demonstrate intent and purpose in the creation of the universe, as opposed to random and highly improbable occurrences. The purpose of the teleological argument is to present complex details of the universe as evidence that it was designed by an intelligent mind. It suggests that since the universe is so compound and full of fine-tuned intricacies, thereRead MoreTeleological Argument for the Existence of God Essay2079 Words   |  9 Pagesexamine the argument put forward by William Paley in 1802, in his Natural Theology. Paley offers an argument from design that purports to show a clear and distinct reason why one should hold a belief in God, due to the inherent features of the world. It is attempted in this paper to firstly: show that the argument should be rejected on the grounds of lacking a rationally flowing set of premises and conclusions; and secondly: that the criticisms made by David Hume concerning the argument hold moreRead MoreExplain the Teleological Arguments for the Existence of God Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Teleological arguments The word teleological originates from the Greek ‘telos’ meaning end or purpose. It infers the existence of God from a particular aspect or character of the world, namely the presence of order, regularity and purpose, and thus, is most commonly known as the design argument; it postulates the idea of a designer for all that has been designed. As its name suggests, the teleological argument attempts to seek the ultimate end or purpose. Furthermore, the teleological argumentRead MoreSummary Of On Being An Atheist1341 Words   |  6 Pageshis thoughts on the matter in a journal article in 1968 titled â€Å"On Being an Atheist†. In his article McCloskey aims to discredit cosmological and teleological arguments for a creator and he uses the existence of evil in the world as evidence that a divine creator cannot exist. McCloskey routinely refers to the cosmological and teleological arguments as believers’ â€Å"proof† of God’s existence; however, this is not an accurate statement. (McCloskey, 1968) Foreman points out in his presentation; weRead MoreEssay about The Characteristics of God1108 Words   |  5 PagesThe Characteristics of God In Section eleven of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Hume argues that if a teleological argument is sufficient proof for a god, then that god must have deficiencies in morality, power, benevolence and intelligence. I will present Hume’s argument and the subsequent objections he considers. As well, I will defend Hume’s final position by giving my best objection to it and explaining how that objection fails. Hume chooses to speak about the matter in the style ofRead MoreEssay about The Inadequacy of Paleys Argument from Design1269 Words   |  6 PagesInadequacy of the Argument from Design William Paley’s teleological argument (also known as the argument from design) is an attempt to prove the existence of god. This argument succeeds in proving that while existence was created by an aggregation of forces, to define these forces, as a conscious, rational, and ultimately godlike is dubious. Although the conclusions are valid, the argument makes several logical errors. The teleological argument relies on inductive reasoning, rendering the argument itself valid

The Constitution Law Of The Land Or free essay sample

The Fundamental law: Law Of The Land Or Outdated News Essay, Research Paper The Fundamental law: Law of the Land or Outdated News? Our fundamental law was written over a century ago, by our sires who had thebest purposes. But what they did non hold was a manner to foretell how our society hasevolved, and how the Supreme Law of the Land would come under inquiry. Many partsof the Constitution have been left unfastened to interpretation due to the altering times andstagnance of the Constitution itself. How would our sires feel about new issuesarising? Their original purpose is something we do non cognize. But different argumentsprovide many different sentiments in the populace, and do debate whether or non theConstitution is still the Supreme Law of the Land. Some subjects are more discussed thanothers. In my sentiment, the right to bear weaponries is invariably under inquiry. Free address isalso being brought up, particularly in the instance of music and telecasting. The First Amendment grants us the freedom of address. This gives us as citizensthe right to state what we want, and to show our feelings. But recently, Congress seems tohave been knocking many locales for free address. Television talk shows, wordss in music, and even some publications have been beginnings of contention. But what can go on? Can Congress set a prohibition on these things? But no affair what the content of the talk showis, or how violative the blame wordss are, civil libertarians have taken no stairss to regulatethese things, because of their belief in the Constitution. The Framers of the Constitutionbelieved that to hold a successful democracy, there must be a free exchange of thoughts andthoughts between all people and authorities. The First Amendment is a contemplation of thisbelief. But did they image Jerry Springer holding the KKK on his show, or the 2 LiveCrew blame group naming adult females the B word, and utilizing utmost profanity in all of theirsongs? It is difficult to believe they did. And whenever talk of halting these shows orgroups come up, so does the of all time familiar words of the First Amendment Congress shallmake no jurisprudence # 8230 ; foreshortening the freedom of address or of the imperativeness. But there is someinterpretation of the First Amendment for our protection. Address that is consideredobscene, false, or incendiary is non protected under the First Amendment. Now the FirstAmendment does non state this in its words, but this has been the reading of it inrecent old ages. In the Woll reader, there is an extract by John Stuart Mill that discusses theFirst Amendment rights. He believes that although free address and imperativeness is a right grantedby the Constitution, there must be boundaries placed on them. But this brings up anotherquestion. Where do you pull boundaries? Where does one pull the line that a talkshows content is excessively obscene, or a vocal is excessively coarse to be aired? What is the defini tionof obscene? Of vulgar? There are no disagreements in the Constitution that define theseterms or the limitations that should be used. It merely says freedom of the address and imperativeness. Period. So should we allow these shows and vocals to be aired to the populace, free for viewingby our kids and waxy young person? One must besides maintain in head the creative person andwriters that have come under fire. These wordss may be the voice of the instrumentalist, and thereason they are so coarse is because that is all they saw turning up. Violence in ourinner-cities, coupled with the deficiency of a solid instruction can take to people who know noother life other than an obscene one. So do they have the right to set these wordss on ourstores shelves? If you were a rigorous constitutionalist, so yes these people have the rightto voice their sentiment. More broad positions would believe that this refuse has no topographic point inour society, and is a blazing maltreatment of the ri ghts granted to us. To happen a in-between land anda via media is the challenge, but no reply is within sight. In colonial times, most work forces kept guns and pieces to protect themselves. Thereason for this is because frequently times, the lone defence against the British and Indians werethemselves or local reserves. This was seen as the best manner to maintain peace on order amongthe settlements. The Second Amendment was passed to guarantee this right for these grounds. But the times have changed, and there are no longer local or province reservess. We now havepolice forces, sheriffs, and other local jurisprudence bureaus to function and protect us. As citizens, and as revenue enhancement remunerators, this P rotection is there for us whenever we need. We no longer mustdefend ourselves from British invasion, or will have to quickly organize our neighborhoodinto a force that is ready for battle. So there is no longer a need for citizens to keep andbear arms, right? Wrong. This is another amendment that has come under a lot ofcontroversy lately. Guns are a big concern of our society today. With gang violence, kidsshooting each other, and accidental deaths due to ignorant parents who do not lock uptheir guns, there have been major moves to get the guns off the streets. But this wouldalso force many responsible gun owners to give up their firearms also. The National RifleAssociation has been a huge supporter of the Second Amendment, saying it is theirConstitutional right to keep their weapons. Gun supporters say that many of them usetheir guns for hunting and recreational purposes, and feel safer at home against break-insbecause they have guns for their protection. But the issue of gun cont rol also has itsbacking. The Brady Bill, passed in 1993, imposed a five day waiting period for handguns. Is this bill unconstitutional? I do not think so, but if there were a bill to ban all weapons,then it would be. But did the Framers have the society we live in today in mind when theywrote this amendment? I feel at the time, the bill was passed out of necessity, in order toprotect themselves. Not for gangsters to hold up liquor stores, or have shoot-outs withrival gangs. This amendment, like the freedom of speech and press, is up for debate, andis the root of a lot of controversy. There is no question that at the writing of the Constitution, the Framers had thebest intentions. They were trying to write a constitution that would withstand the ages. Aconstitution that would become the supreme law of the land, and set the framework for astrong democratic government superior to all others. But there was one thing missing thatwould have made the Constitution perfect. A crystal ball. T he Framers had no way to seehow our country would develop and flourish. They wrote the best Constitutional possiblefor the time. Back then, there were no rap groups to abuse the freedom of speech. It wasjust a way to make sure the government could never silence the voice of the people. Theycould not know that we would develop an intricate law system, with strong police forcesin almost every town, and strong judges and courts backing these forces. We also have astrong national armed force, ready to mobilize at a moments notice, whenever ourcountries freedom is being threatened. The criminal justice system we have developedover the years is excellent, and makes the need to bear arms for protection and invasionalmost non-existent. It is understandable that there are responsible people who use gunsfor recreation, but once again, the Framers had no way of foreseeing these people, andother groups like the NRA forming. Although the Framers had no idea of what the future would hold for our country,they did have the right intention. This is what is most important. We must understandthat the Framers were doing what was best for our country. If we can understand that,then we can work for the future. If we can understand the basic concepts and purpose ofthe Framers, we can implement these same intentions to a more modern law. We canratify the Constitution to apply to the changing times, although it is very hard to do, butnot impossible. But we must first understand the original intent. We must not just passthe Constitution off as an outdated governing body. It is a foundation, to help form amore perfect law of the land, so generations after ours will be able to follow its writingsand teachings, both old and new. So what is the final verdict? Is the Constitution outdated, or is it still the SupremeLaw of the Land? Well, I believe that it is a little of both. If we were to take theConstitution word for word, then it can be seen as a piece of writing that cannot governour ch anging times. But if we can interpret it to fit our times, then it is still fine. I am surethat the Framers, if they could see how our world has changed, would be more than happyto let us interpret it to make it current. After all, when they wrote this marvelous work ofart, the had the best intentions for the people as well as the country in mind. By allowingthe Constitution to change slightly, we can hold the values that the Framers had, whichwas to do the best for our country.

The Goddesses as the Ideals Set by Society

In the past, women were revered in their own special way. This was because they were respected as the bearers of children who grew up to be great leaders. Women were held in great esteem and viewed as the back bone of homesteads. Females were recognized as care givers to the children in ancient times. This is evident by the fact that several tales are focused on the upbringing of the children by their mothers. Women were seen emotional and attached to their children.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Goddesses as the Ideals Set by Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Homer Hesoid and Hugh G Evelyn-White pointed out that â€Å"they would go to great lengths to protect their children† (109). In ancient Greece, the goddess known as Demeter went on a long search for her daughter, Persephone, who was taken by the son of Cronus, the dark God of the underground kingdom, Hades, unwillingly. Her screams were unheard throughout the land, and only one person heard her shrill. The search of grieving Demeter for her daughter took a long time, and that is the thing that made the tale a legendary one. She traversed the lands looking for Persephone who she loved dearly. It may be interesting to note that although she was a goddess, she even went to the extent of disguising herself as a mortal so that she would be able to get close to mortals and care for a child as her own. The goddess Demeter also wanted to rid of her duties. She planned to do this by disrupting the natural flow of events that would lead to the awful consequences. She stopped the seeds that mortals planted in the earth from sprouting. This was also accompanied by drought that led to deaths among the mortals. All these were because of her frustrations of not being able to find her daughter. It shows that women were ready to sacrifice anything including the lives of the others to save their own children. The goddess wandered ac ross the land with flames in her hands as she searched for her daughter signifying her wrath. She was ready to take on the person who had brought her misery by taking her daughter. Another fact that may be noted is that when she was summoned by Zeus, the King of the Gods, who nobody dared to disobey, she refused to come. This shows her determination. Since it was a severe break of the rules for a god not to sit at the council when required, Demeter was considered to be transgressing. The fact that the king understood her woes and did not interfere in her search shows that women were respected even when they behaved in undignified manner. Such was the case with the Egyptian Goddess Isis who went to did everything possible to ensure that her husband Osiris was brought back to life. When the brother of her husband tricked and killed Osiris, she was very distraught because the killer went ahead and claimed all the property of the dead king for himself. This included Isis who was resentf ul of the whole idea. She went to great lengths to ensure that her husband was resuscitated and even after Set found out that Osiris was about to be brought back to life. He tore up the body of Osiris and scattered it all over the world, but Isis still managed to gather the pieces together and assemble them till they were sewn together and formed the complete body of Osiris.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She did this although she was aware that once a person had died, he/she would not be able to live as a normal person, and this was the case with Osiris who went on to live in the land of the dead as their ruler. As Shah Alam stated â€Å"she also went to the extent of making sure that she conceived the child of Osiris and gave birth to a son sired by Osiris through a spell that she cast† (58). The son that she gave birth to was taken to a land far away in order to grow up and a venge of the death of his father by confronting his uncle. Isis made sure that Set was not aware of the child and the location where the child was being raised because he would have ensured that the child would not have survived. This was because of the natural fear of the vengeance that every child would most likely want to revenge for the death of his/her parent. Due to his mother, Horus grew up knowing that he was going to avenge of the death of his father and fight for his rightful place in the echelons of the society. When he was old enough to face his uncle, his mother stood by her word. According to prophesies, her son won the battle against his uncle that had been lasting for several days. At that time, the feminine ideals of the societies stated that women were minders of the youngsters and as such, the men did not feature much in the matters of upbringing of the children except occasionally. The women were dedicated to the task of raising their children and would not let a nyone to harm their kids. The goddesses in question were quite robust and able to face and manage any challenge when it concerned their children. The story of Nin-Me-Sara, the lady of countless cosmic powers, firmly confirms that fact. In all these cases, the story line is the same since they all wanted to ensure that their off-spring were taken care of and had proper upbringing. The goddesses of Rome, Egypt, Greece and Mesopotamia who had youngsters all had interests in their upbringing. Sometimes, the goddesses would go against the feminine ideals passing beyond the limits. These invisible boundaries were normally drawn by their unwritten laws that stated the position of the women in the society. Woman’s place was supposed to be the home though the goddesses were in charge of various aspects that affected the lives of the individuals. The goddesses were able to reflect the feminine ideals of the society through their commitment and their undying love for their children. Whi le they were ready to break the rules that were in place to save their children, they managed to show that their children meant everything to the, thus they showed that they were good mothers to their children. Elgin stated that â€Å"The feminine ideals of society were put in place to keep order in the society† (88). The goddesses were supernatural and maintained their status of ideal parents.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Goddesses as the Ideals Set by Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They managed to do this despite all the difficulties. Isis, for example, was not afraid of Set despite his immense powers and the fact that he had killed the great Osiris. Unlike all the others in the society, she was able to speak up to Set and defy his word. It was understandable that she went through a lot by losing her husband. The resentment that she had for Set was justified in its own way. She went aga inst the norms of the society by following her dead husband’s body and attempting to bring him back to life. Even when Set found out, there was nothing he could do about it since she was strong willed. She shows that a woman’s dedication to her family ought to be undying and absolute. This implies that nothing can come between a strong willed woman and her family. A woman who has been ill-treated by someone else still manages to persevere an asset to the community. As the goddesses of the past showed us in the tales about their families, rules and norms that are set by society are meant to uphold a sense of order and not suppress us. If anyone tries to suppress another person, then the ideals of society can be bent to accommodate the emotional as well as personal vendettas that have been afflicted with individuals. The goddesses show that sometimes transgressing the ideals of society in pursuit of justice is vindicated. These transgressions are justified as long as the y are within certain boundaries. The goddesses know the powers, and the tales show that they did not over-transgressing the ideals set by society. The myths maintain that as much as the goddesses are mystical beings, they are still vulnerable to emotional aspects of life. Works Cited Alam, Shah. Basics of guidance and counseling. Delhi: Global Vision Publishing House, 2009. Print. Elgin, Cathy. Egyptian Myths. California: Windmill Books, 2009. Print. Hesoid, Homer and Hugh G Evelyn-White. Hesoid, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica. Kansas: Digireads Publishing, 2008. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The Goddesses as the Ideals Set by Society was written and submitted by user Defenders to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.